[Lecce-sf] Fw:Bush autorizza ricorso a nucleare

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----- Original Message -----=20
From: antonio gentile=20
To: Fuoriregistro ; coordinamentonoguerrabari@??? ; =
InVento_di_pace@???=20
Sent: Friday, January 31, 2003 4:00 PM
Subject: [InVento_di_pace] Bush autorizza ricorso a nucleare


Ho controllato la notizia appena letta su La Repubblica on line =
andando alla
fonte ed ho purtroppo trovato la pagina del 'The Washington Times' che =
sotto
riporto
antonio gentile

=
http://www.repubblica.it/news/ired/ultimora/rep_nazionale_n_329762.html
Washington, 15:38
Bioterrorismo, stampa: Bush autorizza ricorso a nucleare

Il presidente americano George W.Bush ha firmato un documento segreto =
nel
quale autorizza il ricorso anche ad armi nucleari in caso di attentati
chimici o batteriologici contro gli Stati Uniti. A rivelarlo =E8 oggi =
il
quotidiano 'The Washington Times'.
Gli Usa, si legge nella Direttiva presidenziale sulla Sicurezza =
nazionale
numero 17 del 14 settembre scorso, "continuer=E0 a mettere in chiaro =
che si
riserva il diritto di rispondere con il ricorso a una forza =
schiacciante -
comprese armi potenzialmente nucleari - all'uso di (armi di sterminio)
contro gli Stati Uniti, le nostre forze all'estero o paesi amici e =
alleati".
Un paragrafo simile compare, ricorda il quotidiano, anche nella =
versione
della direttiva resa pubblica l'11 dicembre.
Nel nel testo divulgato alla stampa, per=F2, invece dell'espressione =
"incluse
armi potenzialmente nucleari" si legge "incluso il ricorso a tutte le
opzioni a nostra disposizione". La Casa Bianca non ha voluto =
commentare le
rivelazioni del 'Washington Times'. Secondo una fonte =
dell'amministrazione
interpellata dal giornale, le parole 'armi nucleari' nel testo =
riservato
danno diposizione ai militari e ai funzionari cui esso =E8 destinato =
di
"preparare per il presidente ogni sorta di opzione". (red)

http://www.washtimes.com/world/20030131-27320419.htm
Bush approves nuclear response
By Nicholas Kralev
THE WASHINGTON TIMES

       A classified document signed by President Bush specifically =
allows for
  the use of nuclear weapons in response to biological or chemical =
attacks,
  apparently changing a decades-old U.S. policy of deliberate ambiguity, =
it
  was learned by The Washington Times.



       "The United States will continue to make clear that it reserves =
the
  right to respond with overwhelming force - including potentially =
nuclear
  weapons - to the use of [weapons of mass destruction] against the =
United
  States, our forces abroad, and friends and allies," the document, =
National
  Security Presidential Directive 17, set out on Sept. 14 last year.
       A similar statement is included in the public version of the =
directive,
  which was released Dec. 11 as the National Strategy to Combat Weapons =
of
  Mass Destruction and closely parallels the classified document. =
However,
  instead of the phrase "including potentially nuclear weapons," the =
public
  text says, "including through resort to all of our options."
       A White House spokesman declined to comment when asked about the
  document last night and neither confirmed nor denied its existence.
       A senior administration official said, however, that using the =
words
  "nuclear weapons" in the classified text gives the military and other
  officials, who are the document's intended audience, "a little more of =
an
  instruction to prepare all sorts of options for the president," if =
need be.
        The official, nonetheless, insisted that ambiguity remains "the =
heart
  and soul of our nuclear policy."
       In the classified version, nuclear forces are designated as the =
main
  part of any U.S. deterrent, and conventional capabilities "complement" =
the
  nuclear weapons.
       "Nuclear forces alone ... cannot ensure deterrence against =
[weapons of
  mass destruction] and missiles," the original paragraph says. =
"Complementing
  nuclear force with an appropriate mix of conventional response and =
defense
  capabilities, coupled with effective intelligence, surveillance,
  interdiction and domestic law-enforcement capabilities, reinforces our
  overall deterrent posture against [weapons of mass destruction] =
threats."
       Before it released the text publicly, the White House changed =
that same
  paragraph to: "In addition to our conventional and nuclear response =
and
  defense capabilities, our overall deterrent posture against [weapons =
of mass
  destruction] threats is reinforced by effective intelligence, =
surveillance,
  interdiction and domestic law-enforcement capabilities."
       The classified document, a copy of which was shown to The =
Washington
  Times, is known better by its abbreviation NSPD 17, as well as =
Homeland
  Security Presidential Directive 4.
       The disclosure of the classified text follows newspaper reports =
that
  the planning for a war with Iraq focuses on using nuclear arms not =
only to
  defend U.S. forces but also to "pre-empt" deeply buried Iraqi =
facilities
  that could withstand conventional explosives.
       For decades, the U.S. government has maintained a deliberately =
vague
  nuclear policy, expressed in such language as "all options open" and =
"not
  ruling anything in or out." As recently as last weekend, Bush =
administration
  officials used similar statements in public, consciously avoiding the =
word
  "nuclear."
       "I'm not going to put anything on the table or off the table," =
White
  House Chief of Staff Andrew H. Card Jr. said on NBC's "Meet the =
Press,"
  adding that the United States will use "whatever means necessary" to =
protect
  its citizens and the world from a "holocaust."
       But in the paragraphs marked "S" for "secret," the Sept. 14 =
directive
  clearly states that nuclear weapons are part of the "overwhelming =
force"
  that Washington might use in response to a chemical or biological =
attack.
       Former U.S. officials and arms control experts with knowledge of
  policies of the previous administrations declined to say whether such
  specific language had been used before, for fear of divulging =
classified
  information. But they conceded that differences exist.
       "This shows that there is a somewhat greater willingness in this
  administration to use a nuclear response to other [non-nuclear weapons =
of
  mass destruction] attacks, although that's not a wholesale departure =
from
  previous administrations," one former senior official said.
       Even a slight change can make a big difference. Because it is now
  "official policy, it means that the United States will actively =
consider the
  nuclear option" in a military conflict, said Daryl Kimball, executive
  director of the Arms Control Association.
       "This document is far more explicit about the use of nuclear =
weapons to
  deter and possibly defeat biological and chemical attacks," he said. =
"If
  someone dismisses it, that would question the entire logic of the
  administration's national security strategy against [weapons of mass
  destruction]."
       Mr. Kimball said U.S. nuclear weapons "should only be used to =
deter
  nuclear attacks by others."
       A senior official who served in the Clinton administration said =
there
  would still have to be a new evaluation before any decision was made =
on the
  use of nuclear weapons.
       "What this document means is that they have thought through the
  consequences, including in the abstract, but it doesn't necessarily =
prejudge
  any specific case."
       Baker Spring, a national security fellow at the Heritage =
Foundation,
  said the classified language "does not undermine the basic posture of =
the
  deterrent and does not commit the United States to a nuclear response =
in
  hypothetical circumstances. In a classified document, you are willing =
to be
  more specific what the policy is, because people in the administration =
have
  to understand it for planning purposes."
       Both former officials and arms control analysts say that making =
the
  classified text public might raise concerns among Washington's allies =
but
  has little military significance. On the other hand, they note, the =
nuclear
  deterrent has little value if a potential adversary does not know what =
it
  can expect.
       They agree that there must have been "good reasons" for the White =
House
  to have "cleaned up" the document before releasing it. They speculated =
on at
  least three:
       Although responding to a non-nuclear attack by nuclear weapons is =
not
  banned by international law, existing arms-control treaties call for a
  "proportionate response" to biological and chemical attacks. The =
question
  is, one former official said, whether any nuclear response is =
proportionate
  to any non-nuclear attack.
       Second, naming nuclear weapons specifically flies in the face of =
the
  "negative security assurances" that U.S. administrations have given =
for 25
  years. Those statements, while somewhat modified under different =
presidents,
  essentially have said the United States will not use nuclear weapons =
against
  a non-nuclear state unless that state attacks it together with a =
nuclear
  ally.
       Finally, publicly and explicitly articulating a policy of nuclear
  response can hurt the international nonproliferation regime, which the
  United States firmly supports. That sets a bad example for countries =
such as
  India and Pakistan and gives rogue states an incentive to develop =
their own
  nuclear capabilities.
       William M. Arkin, a military analyst, wrote in the Los Angeles =
Times
  earlier this week that the Bush administration's war planning "moves =
nuclear
  weapons out of their long-established special category and lumps them =
in
  with all the other military options."
       Mr. Arkin quoted "multiple sources" close to the preparations for =
a war
  in Iraq as saying that the focus is on "two possible roles for nuclear
  weapons: attacking Iraqi facilities located so deep underground that =
they
  might be impervious to conventional explosives; and thwarting Iraq's =
use of
  weapons of mass destruction."
       He cited a Dec. 11 memorandum from Defense Secretary Donald H. =
Rumsfeld
  to Mr. Bush, asking for authority to place Adm. James O. Ellis Jr., =
chief of
  the U.S. Strategic Command, in charge of the full range of "strategic"
  warfare options.
       NSPD 17 appears to have upgraded nuclear weapons beyond the =
traditional
  function as a nuclear deterrent.
       "This is an interesting distinction," Mr. Spring said. "There is =
an
  acknowledgment up front that under the post-Cold War circumstances,
  deterrence in the sense we applied it during the Cold War is not as
  reliable. I think it's accurate."






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<DIV style=3D"FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV=20
style=3D"BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: =
black"><B>From:</B>=20
<A title=3Dmogent@??? href=3D"mailto:mogent@libero.it">antonio =
gentile</A>=20
</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A =
title=3Dfuoriregistro@???=20
href=3D"mailto:fuoriregistro@didaweb.net">Fuoriregistro</A> ; <A=20
title=3Dcoordinamentonoguerrabari@???=20
=
href=3D"mailto:coordinamentonoguerrabari@yahoogroups.com">coordinamentono=
guerrabari@???</A>=20
; <A title=3DInVento_di_pace@???=20
=
href=3D"mailto:InVento_di_pace@yahoogroups.com">InVento_di_pace@yahoogrou=
ps.com</A>=20
</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Friday, January 31, 2003 =
4:00=20
PM</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> [InVento_di_pace] Bush =
autorizza=20
ricorso a nucleare</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV><TT>Ho controllato la notizia appena letta su La =
Repubblica on=20
line andando alla<BR>fonte ed ho purtroppo trovato la pagina del 'The=20
Washington Times' che sotto<BR>riporto<BR>antonio gentile<BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.repubblica.it/news/ired/ultimora/rep_nazionale_n_32976=
2.html">http://www.repubblica.it/news/ired/ultimora/rep_nazionale_n_32976=
2.html</A><BR>Washington,=20
15:38<BR>Bioterrorismo, stampa: Bush autorizza ricorso a =
nucleare<BR><BR>Il=20
presidente americano George W.Bush ha firmato un documento segreto=20
nel<BR>quale autorizza il ricorso anche ad armi nucleari in caso di=20
attentati<BR>chimici o batteriologici contro gli Stati Uniti. A =
rivelarlo =E8=20
oggi il<BR>quotidiano 'The Washington Times'.<BR>Gli Usa, si legge =
nella=20
Direttiva presidenziale sulla Sicurezza nazionale<BR>numero 17 del 14=20
settembre scorso, "continuer=E0 a mettere in chiaro che si<BR>riserva =
il diritto=20
di rispondere con il ricorso a una forza schiacciante -<BR>comprese =
armi=20
potenzialmente nucleari - all'uso di (armi di sterminio)<BR>contro gli =
Stati=20
Uniti, le nostre forze all'estero o paesi amici e alleati".<BR>Un =
paragrafo=20
simile compare, ricorda il quotidiano, anche nella versione<BR>della =
direttiva=20
resa pubblica l'11 dicembre.<BR>Nel nel testo divulgato alla stampa, =
per=F2,=20
invece dell'espressione "incluse<BR>armi potenzialmente nucleari" si =
legge=20
"incluso il ricorso a tutte le<BR>opzioni a nostra disposizione". La =
Casa=20
Bianca non ha voluto commentare le<BR>rivelazioni del 'Washington =
Times'.=20
Secondo una fonte dell'amministrazione<BR>interpellata dal giornale, =
le parole=20
'armi nucleari' nel testo riservato<BR>danno diposizione ai militari e =
ai=20
funzionari cui esso =E8 destinato di<BR>"preparare per il presidente =
ogni sorta=20
di opzione". (red)<BR><BR><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.washtimes.com/world/20030131-27320419.htm">http://www.=
washtimes.com/world/20030131-27320419.htm</A><BR>Bush=20
approves nuclear response<BR>By Nicholas Kralev<BR>THE WASHINGTON=20
TIMES<BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A classified document signed by=20
President Bush specifically allows for<BR>the use of nuclear weapons =
in=20
response to biological or chemical attacks,<BR>apparently changing a=20
decades-old U.S. policy of deliberate ambiguity, it<BR>was learned by =
The=20
Washington Times.<BR><BR><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "The United =
States will=20
continue to make clear that it reserves the<BR>right to respond with=20
overwhelming force - including potentially nuclear<BR>weapons - to the =
use of=20
[weapons of mass destruction] against the United<BR>States, our forces =
abroad,=20
and friends and allies," the document, National<BR>Security =
Presidential=20
Directive 17, set out on Sept. 14 last =
year.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A=20
similar statement is included in the public version of the =
directive,<BR>which=20
was released Dec. 11 as the National Strategy to Combat Weapons =
of<BR>Mass=20
Destruction and closely parallels the classified document. =
However,<BR>instead=20
of the phrase "including potentially nuclear weapons," the =
public<BR>text=20
says, "including through resort to all of our=20
options."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A White House spokesman declined =
to=20
comment when asked about the<BR>document last night and neither =
confirmed nor=20
denied its existence.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A senior =
administration=20
official said, however, that using the words<BR>"nuclear weapons" in =
the=20
classified text gives the military and other<BR>officials, who are the =

document's intended audience, "a little more of an<BR>instruction to =
prepare=20
all sorts of options for the president," if need=20
be.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The official, nonetheless, =
insisted that=20
ambiguity remains "the heart<BR>and soul of our nuclear=20
policy."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In the classified version, =
nuclear forces=20
are designated as the main<BR>part of any U.S. deterrent, and =
conventional=20
capabilities "complement" the<BR>nuclear =
weapons.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
"Nuclear forces alone ... cannot ensure deterrence against [weapons =
of<BR>mass=20
destruction] and missiles," the original paragraph says.=20
"Complementing<BR>nuclear force with an appropriate mix of =
conventional=20
response and defense<BR>capabilities, coupled with effective =
intelligence,=20
surveillance,<BR>interdiction and domestic law-enforcement =
capabilities,=20
reinforces our<BR>overall deterrent posture against [weapons of mass=20
destruction] threats."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Before it released =
the text=20
publicly, the White House changed that same<BR>paragraph to: "In =
addition to=20
our conventional and nuclear response and<BR>defense capabilities, our =
overall=20
deterrent posture against [weapons of mass<BR>destruction] threats is=20
reinforced by effective intelligence, surveillance,<BR>interdiction =
and=20
domestic law-enforcement capabilities."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =
The=20
classified document, a copy of which was shown to The =
Washington<BR>Times, is=20
known better by its abbreviation NSPD 17, as well as =
Homeland<BR>Security=20
Presidential Directive 4.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The disclosure =
of the=20
classified text follows newspaper reports that<BR>the planning for a =
war with=20
Iraq focuses on using nuclear arms not only to<BR>defend U.S. forces =
but also=20
to "pre-empt" deeply buried Iraqi facilities<BR>that could withstand=20
conventional explosives.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For decades, the =
U.S.=20
government has maintained a deliberately vague<BR>nuclear policy, =
expressed in=20
such language as "all options open" and "not<BR>ruling anything in or =
out." As=20
recently as last weekend, Bush administration<BR>officials used =
similar=20
statements in public, consciously avoiding the=20
word<BR>"nuclear."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "I'm not going to put =
anything=20
on the table or off the table," White<BR>House Chief of Staff Andrew =
H. Card=20
Jr. said on NBC's "Meet the Press,"<BR>adding that the United States =
will use=20
"whatever means necessary" to protect<BR>its citizens and the world =
from a=20
"holocaust."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; But in the paragraphs marked =
"S" for=20
"secret," the Sept. 14 directive<BR>clearly states that nuclear =
weapons are=20
part of the "overwhelming force"<BR>that Washington might use in =
response to a=20
chemical or biological attack.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Former U.S. =

officials and arms control experts with knowledge of<BR>policies of =
the=20
previous administrations declined to say whether such<BR>specific =
language had=20
been used before, for fear of divulging classified<BR>information. But =
they=20
conceded that differences exist.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "This =
shows that=20
there is a somewhat greater willingness in this<BR>administration to =
use a=20
nuclear response to other [non-nuclear weapons of<BR>mass destruction] =

attacks, although that's not a wholesale departure from<BR>previous=20
administrations," one former senior official =
said.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Even a slight change can make a big difference. Because it is =
now<BR>"official=20
policy, it means that the United States will actively consider =
the<BR>nuclear=20
option" in a military conflict, said Daryl Kimball, =
executive<BR>director of=20
the Arms Control Association.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "This =
document is=20
far more explicit about the use of nuclear weapons to<BR>deter and =
possibly=20
defeat biological and chemical attacks," he said. "If<BR>someone =
dismisses it,=20
that would question the entire logic of the<BR>administration's =
national=20
security strategy against [weapons of=20
mass<BR>destruction]."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mr. Kimball said =
U.S.=20
nuclear weapons "should only be used to deter<BR>nuclear attacks by=20
others."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A senior official who served in =
the=20
Clinton administration said there<BR>would still have to be a new =
evaluation=20
before any decision was made on the<BR>use of nuclear=20
weapons.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "What this document means is that =
they=20
have thought through the<BR>consequences, including in the abstract, =
but it=20
doesn't necessarily prejudge<BR>any specific=20
case."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Baker Spring, a national security =
fellow at=20
the Heritage Foundation,<BR>said the classified language "does not =
undermine=20
the basic posture of the<BR>deterrent and does not commit the United =
States to=20
a nuclear response in<BR>hypothetical circumstances. In a classified =
document,=20
you are willing to be<BR>more specific what the policy is, because =
people in=20
the administration have<BR>to understand it for planning=20
purposes."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Both former officials and arms =
control=20
analysts say that making the<BR>classified text public might raise =
concerns=20
among Washington's allies but<BR>has little military significance. On =
the=20
other hand, they note, the nuclear<BR>deterrent has little value if a=20
potential adversary does not know what it<BR>can=20
expect.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; They agree that there must have =
been "good=20
reasons" for the White House<BR>to have "cleaned up" the document =
before=20
releasing it. They speculated on at<BR>least=20
three:<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Although responding to a =
non-nuclear attack=20
by nuclear weapons is not<BR>banned by international law, existing=20
arms-control treaties call for a<BR>"proportionate response" to =
biological and=20
chemical attacks. The question<BR>is, one former official said, =
whether any=20
nuclear response is proportionate<BR>to any non-nuclear=20
attack.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Second, naming nuclear weapons=20
specifically flies in the face of the<BR>"negative security =
assurances" that=20
U.S. administrations have given for 25<BR>years. Those statements, =
while=20
somewhat modified under different presidents,<BR>essentially have said =
the=20
United States will not use nuclear weapons against<BR>a non-nuclear =
state=20
unless that state attacks it together with a=20
nuclear<BR>ally.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Finally, publicly and =
explicitly=20
articulating a policy of nuclear<BR>response can hurt the =
international=20
nonproliferation regime, which the<BR>United States firmly supports. =
That sets=20
a bad example for countries such as<BR>India and Pakistan and gives =
rogue=20
states an incentive to develop their own<BR>nuclear=20
capabilities.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; William M. Arkin, a military =

  analyst, wrote in the Los Angeles Times<BR>earlier this week that the =
Bush=20
  administration's war planning "moves nuclear<BR>weapons out of their=20
  long-established special category and lumps them in<BR>with all the =
other=20
  military options."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mr. Arkin quoted =
"multiple=20
  sources" close to the preparations for a war<BR>in Iraq as saying that =
the=20
  focus is on "two possible roles for nuclear<BR>weapons: attacking =
Iraqi=20
  facilities located so deep underground that they<BR>might be =
impervious to=20
  conventional explosives; and thwarting Iraq's use of<BR>weapons of =
mass=20
  destruction."<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; He cited a Dec. 11 =
memorandum from=20
  Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld<BR>to Mr. Bush, asking for =
authority to=20
  place Adm. James O. Ellis Jr., chief of<BR>the U.S. Strategic Command, =
in=20
  charge of the full range of "strategic"<BR>warfare=20
  options.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; NSPD 17 appears to have upgraded =
nuclear=20
  weapons beyond the traditional<BR>function as a nuclear=20
  deterrent.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "This is an interesting =
distinction,"=20
  Mr. Spring said. "There is an<BR>acknowledgment up front that under =
the=20
  post-Cold War circumstances,<BR>deterrence in the sense we applied it =
during=20
  the Cold War is not as<BR>reliable. I think it's=20
  accurate."<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR></TT><BR><!-- |**|begin egp html =
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