[Cerchio] Fw: gli oppositori di sinistra erano pazzi, psicotici o, come minimo, congenitamente subnormali, sentenziava lo psichiatra capo di FranciscoFranco... Da che pulpito.

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Assunto: [Cerchio] Fw: gli oppositori di sinistra erano pazzi, psicotici o, come minimo, congenitamente subnormali, sentenziava lo psichiatra capo di FranciscoFranco... Da che pulpito.

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gli oppositori di sinistra erano pazzi, psicotici o, come minimo, =
congenitamente subnormali, sentenziava lo psichiatra capo di Francisco =
Franco... Da che pulpito.

'Marxists are retards'=20

Recently unearthed documents reveal that Franco's psychiatrist carried =
out bizarre experiments on members of the International Brigade in 1930s =
Spain. His aim: to prove that leftwingers are mad. Giles Tremlett =
reports=20

Friday November 1, 2002

The Guardian=20

For dictator General Francisco Franco's chief psychiatrist, Dr Antonio =
Vallejo Nagera, it must have seemed obvious. If the generalissimo and =
his fellow right-wing rebels in the Spanish civil war were crusaders for =
justice, God and the truth, then their leftwing opponents had to be mad, =
psychotic or at least congenitally subnormal.=20

At the end of the 1930s, Vallejo decided to prove exactly that. The =
solution, he decided, lay in an abandoned monastery at San Pedro de =
Cardena, near Burgos, which had become a makeshift jail for captured =
volunteers from the pro-republican International Brigades.=20

It was here, in 1938, that International Brigade members were subjected =
to a bizarre set of physical and psychological tests in one of the first =
systematic attempts to put psychiatry to the service of ideology. =
Sixty-four years later, the results of Vallejo's project to unravel the =
"biopsyche of Marxist fanaticism" have finally come to light.=20

Former prisoners at San Pedro de Cardena remember being subjected to up =
to 200 tests. They were quizzed on their sex lives, and had their heads =
and noses measured.=20

"They made us strip and did all these measurements. We supposed they =
thought it would be useful if the fascists ever invaded Britain," says =
Bob Doyle, one of the few remaining survivors of a group of 75 British =
and Irish prisoners tested at the camp. Another, Carl Geiser, the senior =
ranking American in the jail and a former political commissar to the =
Abraham Lincoln Brigade, recalls: "I was photographed with just a small =
cloth over my penis."=20

Two men dressed in civilian clothes went through a long list of =
questions in a small office before the prisoners were taken outside. It =
took them several days to survey some 200 British, Irish, American, =
Canadian, Portuguese and Latin American prisoners.=20

"An assistant... called out the length, breadth, and depth of his skull, =
the distance between his eyes, the length of his nose, and described the =
skin colour, body type, wound scars and disability," Geiser recalled in =
his 1986 book, Prisoners of the Good Fight. "Each prisoner was =
instructed to stand in front of a camera for a front and side view, and =
a close-up of the face. We were now 'scientifically' classified."=20

The results of Vallejo's tests were published in a military medical =
journal that languished in Spanish libraries until historian Ricard =
Vinyes unearthed them for his book, The Lost Children of Franco.=20

The results would be laughable, if Vallejo had not been a man of =
influence. At the time of the study, he was the Spanish army's chief =
psychologist. He went on to become Spain's most important psychiatrist, =
holding the country's first-ever university chair in the subject, =
writing dozens of books and taking part in international conferences =
until his death in 1960.=20

His conclusions ranged from the sublime to the sinister. The report =
claimed, for example, that 58%of English prisoners were "single men with =
sexual experience outside prostitution", that 7% were recruited "by =
charlatans in Hyde Park", that 17% had signed up in "employment =
agencies". All (three) Welsh prisoners were "alcoholics", he found.=20

"A priori, it seems probable that psychopaths of all types would join =
the Marxist ranks," he reasoned before starting the project. "Since =
Marxism goes together with social immorality... we presume those =
fanatics who fought with arms will show schizoid temperaments."=20

Little surprise, then, that he classified almost a third of the English =
prisoners as "mental retards". Another third were deemed to be suffering =
degenerative mental illnesses that were turning them into schizoids, =
paranoids or psychopaths. Their fall into Marxism was, in turn, =
exacerbated by the fact that 29% were also considered "social =
imbeciles".=20

"Once more we see confirmed that social resentment, frustrated =
aspirations and envy are the sources of Marxism," he added. "The =
persistence of the ideological attitude of the English Marxists is the =
result of their closed minds and lack of culture."=20

The results, predictably concluding that Marxists really were mad, tell =
us more about the mindset of those who, with Franco at the helm, would =
run Spain for the next 40 years than about the British and other men at =
San Pedro de Cardena. They also reinforced the use of one of Franco's =
preferred political solutions for his opponents - the firing squad. =
Those who could not be saved were better dead.=20

Brigade members still alive today have been astonished to hear of =
Vallejo's study. They had thought it was visiting Gestapo officers who =
carried out the tests. It now seems more likely that, if Gestapo men =
were present, they were sharing their experiments with Vallejo, a fluent =
German speaker. Whoever it was carrying out the tests, however, the =
prisoners were pretty clear what they were for. "They wanted to prove we =
were subnormal," says Geiser.=20

The prisoners' response was to make a mockery of the tests. Sexual =
boasting was combined with careful avoidance of anything that might see =
them shot at dawn the next day.=20

Life in the prison may have been harsh but the Brigade member's spirits, =
and convictions, remained unbroken. "It was grim. No windows, just bars. =
It was cold. There was a stone floor and no bedding. Sanitation was =
minimal. You'd get a very small loaf of bread once a day, otherwise only =
beans," Dave Goodman, a British brigade member, told the Guardian =
shortly before his death last year.=20

Vallejo decided for himself, wrongly, that all International Brigade =
members were avowed Marxists. "In the concentration camps, some of us =
were democrats, anarchists, some were communists... The thing we learned =
was that we all had to stick together," says Geiser.=20

The Spanish psychiatrist was a much-decorated army doctor who had served =
as a military attache in Spain's Berlin embassy. He was in tune with the =
"advances" of Hitler's nazi psychiatrists, who were already busy =
sterilising tens of thousands of people deemed threatening to the Aryan =
gene pool.=20

Vallejo, too fervent a pro-life Catholic to go to such extremes, had =
already come up with his own proposals for purifying a Hispanic race =
that, he claimed, had lost vigour from five centuries of intermingling =
with Jewish converts to Catholicism. Pre-selection of suitable breeding =
candidates would, he affirmed in a book called Eugenesia of the Hispanic =
People and Regeneration of the Race, restore "nobility".=20

The final conclusions of his study may have helped justify the firing =
squads that dispatched between 30,000 and 50,000 republican =
sympathisers, but they will please most of the surviving International =
Brigade members. Despite the pressures of jail, 85% of them refused to =
express regret for fighting to save the elected republican government.=20

"The English subjects have participated much more in the fighting than =
the Americans, judging by the number of wounded... The immense majority =
remain firmly attached to their ideas," Dr Vallejo concluded.=20

(http://www.guardian.co.uk/spain/article/0,2763,823707,00.html)

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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>gli oppositori di sinistra erano pazzi, psicotici o, =
come minimo, congenitamente subnormali, sentenziava lo psichiatra capo =
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'Marxists are=20
retards' =

 
 <FONT=20
face=3DArial>Recently unearthed documents reveal that Franco's =
psychiatrist=20
carried out bizarre experiments on members of the International Brigade =
in 1930s=20
Spain. His aim: to prove that leftwingers are mad. Giles Tremlett=20
reports =
 <FONT=20
face=3DGeneva>
<H3>Friday November 1, 2002 </H3>The=20
Guardian For dictator =
General=20
Francisco Franco's chief psychiatrist, Dr Antonio Vallejo Nagera, it =
must have=20
seemed obvious. If the generalissimo and his fellow right-wing rebels in =
the=20
Spanish civil war were crusaders for justice, God and the truth, then =
their=20
leftwing opponents had to be mad, psychotic or at least congenitally =
subnormal.=20
 At the end of the 1930s, Vallejo decided to prove exactly that. =
The=20
solution, he decided, lay in an abandoned monastery at San Pedro de =
Cardena,=20
near Burgos, which had become a makeshift jail for captured volunteers =
from the=20
pro-republican International Brigades. It was here, in 1938, =
that=20
International Brigade members were subjected to a bizarre set of =
physical and=20
psychological tests in one of the first systematic attempts to put =
psychiatry to=20
the service of ideology. Sixty-four years later, the results of =
Vallejo's=20
project to unravel the "biopsyche of Marxist fanaticism" have finally =
come to=20
light. Former prisoners at San Pedro de Cardena remember being =
subjected=20
to up to 200 tests. They were quizzed on their sex lives, and had their =
heads=20
and noses measured. "They made us strip and did all these =
measurements.=20
We supposed they thought it would be useful if the fascists ever invaded =

Britain," says Bob Doyle, one of the few remaining survivors of a group =
of 75=20
British and Irish prisoners tested at the camp. Another, Carl Geiser, =
the senior=20
ranking American in the jail and a former political commissar to the =
Abraham=20
Lincoln Brigade, recalls: "I was photographed with just a small cloth =
over my=20
penis." Two men dressed in civilian clothes went through a long =
list of=20
questions in a small office before the prisoners were taken outside. It =
took=20
them several days to survey some 200 British, Irish, American, Canadian, =

Portuguese and Latin American prisoners. "An assistant... called =
out the=20
length, breadth, and depth of his skull, the distance between his eyes, =
the=20
length of his nose, and described the skin colour, body type, wound =
scars and=20
disability," Geiser recalled in his 1986 book, Prisoners of the Good =
Fight.=20
"Each prisoner was instructed to stand in front of a camera for a front =
and side=20
view, and a close-up of the face. We were now 'scientifically' =
classified."=20
 The results of Vallejo's tests were published in a military =
medical=20
journal that languished in Spanish libraries until historian Ricard =
Vinyes=20
unearthed them for his book, The Lost Children of Franco. The =
results=20
would be laughable, if Vallejo had not been a man of influence. At the =
time of=20
the study, he was the Spanish army's chief psychologist. He went on to =
become=20
Spain's most important psychiatrist, holding the country's first-ever =
university=20
chair in the subject, writing dozens of books and taking part in =
international=20
conferences until his death in 1960. His conclusions ranged from =
the=20
sublime to the sinister. The report claimed, for example, that 58%of =
English=20
prisoners were "single men with sexual experience outside prostitution", =
that 7%=20
were recruited "by charlatans in Hyde Park", that 17% had signed up in=20
"employment agencies". All (three) Welsh prisoners were "alcoholics", he =
found.=20
 "A priori, it seems probable that psychopaths of all types would =
join=20
the Marxist ranks," he reasoned before starting the project. "Since =
Marxism goes=20
together with social immorality... we presume those fanatics who fought =
with=20
arms will show schizoid temperaments." Little surprise, then, =
that he=20
classified almost a third of the English prisoners as "mental retards". =
Another=20
third were deemed to be suffering degenerative mental illnesses that =
were=20
turning them into schizoids, paranoids or psychopaths. Their fall into =
Marxism=20
was, in turn, exacerbated by the fact that 29% were also considered =
"social=20
imbeciles". "Once more we see confirmed that social resentment,=20
frustrated aspirations and envy are the sources of Marxism," he added. =
"The=20
persistence of the ideological attitude of the English Marxists is the =
result of=20
their closed minds and lack of culture." The results, =
predictably=20
concluding that Marxists really were mad, tell us more about the mindset =
of=20
those who, with Franco at the helm, would run Spain for the next 40 =
years than=20
about the British and other men at San Pedro de Cardena. They also =
reinforced=20
the use of one of Franco's preferred political solutions for his =
opponents - the=20
firing squad. Those who could not be saved were better dead. =
 Brigade=20
members still alive today have been astonished to hear of Vallejo's =
study. They=20
had thought it was visiting Gestapo officers who carried out the tests. =
It now=20
seems more likely that, if Gestapo men were present, they were sharing =
their=20
experiments with Vallejo, a fluent German speaker. Whoever it was =
carrying out=20
the tests, however, the prisoners were pretty clear what they were for. =
"They=20
wanted to prove we were subnormal," says Geiser. The prisoners' =
response=20
was to make a mockery of the tests. Sexual boasting was combined with =
careful=20
avoidance of anything that might see them shot at dawn the next day.=20
 Life in the prison may have been harsh but the Brigade member's =
spirits,=20
and convictions, remained unbroken. "It was grim. No windows, just bars. =
It was=20
cold. There was a stone floor and no bedding. Sanitation was minimal. =
You'd get=20
a very small loaf of bread once a day, otherwise only beans," Dave =
Goodman, a=20
British brigade member, told the Guardian shortly before his death last =
year.=20
 Vallejo decided for himself, wrongly, that all International =
Brigade=20
members were avowed Marxists. "In the concentration camps, some of us =
were=20
democrats, anarchists, some were communists... The thing we learned was =
that we=20
all had to stick together," says Geiser. The Spanish =
psychiatrist was a=20
much-decorated army doctor who had served as a military attache in =
Spain's=20
Berlin embassy. He was in tune with the "advances" of Hitler's nazi=20
psychiatrists, who were already busy sterilising tens of thousands of =
people=20
deemed threatening to the Aryan gene pool. Vallejo, too fervent =
a=20
pro-life Catholic to go to such extremes, had already come up with his =
own=20
proposals for purifying a Hispanic race that, he claimed, had lost =
vigour from=20
five centuries of intermingling with Jewish converts to Catholicism.=20
Pre-selection of suitable breeding candidates would, he affirmed in a =
book=20
called Eugenesia of the Hispanic People and Regeneration of the Race, =
restore=20
"nobility". The final conclusions of his study may have helped =
justify=20
the firing squads that dispatched between 30,000 and 50,000 republican=20
sympathisers, but they will please most of the surviving International =
Brigade=20
members. Despite the pressures of jail, 85% of them refused to express =
regret=20
for fighting to save the elected republican government. "The =
English=20
subjects have participated much more in the fighting than the Americans, =
judging=20
by the number of wounded... The immense majority remain firmly attached =
to their=20
ideas," Dr Vallejo concluded.=20
 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/spain/article/0,2763,823707,00.html)<B=
R><FONT=20
size=3D5> </BODY></HTML>

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